Man vs. Society

Society avoids, torments, and now and then slaughters individuals just as a result of their religion. We may not generally observe it or hear it, however it’s there. Strict abuse is all over. It is in our schools, it is in our administration, it is engrained in our general public. Normally individuals oppress and torment the individuals who dislike them, be them Muslim, Mormon, Hindu, or even Christian. Indeed, even Christians are being aggrieved. We in America hear â€Å"so frequently about Muslims [being] casualties of maltreatment in the West†(Ali).But what we don’t understand that there is another war. A â€Å"unrecognized war†(Ali) occurring wherever from West Africa to the Middle East to South Asia and Oceania. A war on Christians. Christians are the most aggrieved bunch in the contemporary world. â€Å"According to the World Evangelical Alliance, more than 200 million Christians in 60 nations are denied crucial human rights exclusively due to their faith†(Persecution of Christians). In Egypt, Christians are constrained under exacting guidelines that don't matter to mosques and different strict institutions.For model, under Hamayouni Decree, Christians need to experience the government so as to manufacture, or even fix their structures (Persecution of Christians). In addition to the fact that Egypt restricts Christians’ capacity to manufacture and look after houses of worship, yet additionally their capacity to hold positions. Christians can't hold senior government positions, conciliatory positions, be in the military, or hold showing positions (Persecution of Christians).Also, the Egyptian government doesn't perceive transformations from Islam to Christianity, and since between confidence relationships in the nation are unlawful, changes over can't wed individuals conceived in Christian people group, and their kids get Islamic instruction (Persecution of Copts). After the â€Å"Arab Spring† development, t here have been much more records of Christian mistreatment. Middle Easterner Spring is â€Å"a progressive flood of shows that has been occurring in the Arab world †¦ [that is] effectively ousting their harsh governments†(Cha-cha).The topple of the legislature of Libya, the common uprisings in Bahrain, Syria, and Yemen, and the significant fights in Algeria, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, and Oman (Arab Spring) are permitting Islamic radicals to pick up force, and this is extremely troubling for some Christians. The Arab Spring development is additionally causing a Muslim â€Å"revival† of sorts, making them question their resilience of Christians so far. This restoration has caused various episodes, for example, â€Å"church-burnings, assaults, mutilations, and murders†(Ali). Christians are being murdered in Islamic societies just as a result of their religion.Yet this raises no caution. Here in the West we have no clue about how gravely our kindred Christ ians endure because of Muslim nations. They continually live in dread that their homes will be singed, their youngsters executed, and them detained with no desire for a reasonable preliminary. â€Å"From irreverence laws to ruthless homicides to bombings to mutilations and the consuming of sacred locales, Christians in such a large number of countries live in fear†(Ali). Christians and Muslims in Nigeria have been on the edge of common war for quite a long time. Another Islamic radical gathering called Boko Harem incites the vast majority of this action.This association has expressed that â€Å"it will slaughter all Christians living in the country†(Ali). â€Å"In the period of January 2012 alone, Boko Haram was answerable for 54 deaths†(Ali). This is crazy! In the main month of this current year, a month with a minor 31 days, Boko Haram has just killed 54 individuals. That’s very nearly two individuals per day. Furthermore, this is just one gathering. In 2011, they slaughtered at any rate 510 and burned to the ground or devastated in excess of 350 houses of worship. This â€Å"Christophobia† that Africa is likewise found in Sudan, however in a totally different form.The Sudanese tyrant government has â€Å"for decades tormented the Christian minorities in the south†(Ali). In Sudan, it isn't fanatic gatherings that are focusing on Christians, yet the administration itself. It started in 2003, at the scandalous decimation at Darfur. From that point forward, the Muslim president, Omar al-Bashir, has been arraigned in the International Criminal Court in The Hauge of three tallies of decimation (Omar al-Bashir). Despite the fact that he allowed fractional freedom to south Sudan, the brutality has not finished. Christians in south Sudan are as yet dependent upon aeronautical bombings, directed killings, and the hijacking of youngsters (Ali).The UN reports that somewhere in the range of 53,000 and 75,000 guiltless regular ci tizens have been dislodged from their homes (Ali). Not exclusively are African Christians enduring, yet in addition ones in the Middle East. Since 2003, in excess of 900 Iraqi Christians have been executed by terrorists’ activities and 70 temples have been scorched in Baghdad alone. â€Å"Christians may vanish by and large from Iraq† says the executive of the U. S. Commission on International Religious Freedom (Muslim Persecution of Christians). In Iran, the legislature is making laws that make it illicit to spread the Christian confidence to the remainder of the Iranians.Their objective is to â€Å"cleanse Iranian Christians†(Wahdat-Hagh), totally annihilating them from their nation. There is such a great amount of scorn from the Islamic culture that is coordinated towards Christians, and without any justifiable cause. They torment and assault and ruin and murder all Christians who are happy to defend what they have faith in. What's more, what do we do? What do es western human advancement do? We stand aside and permit it to occur. We deliberately ignore our siblings and sisters who are being tormented and killed for their convictions, and permit everything to go on. We know it’s occurring, however for what reason do we stand aside?Why is America, the nation that was established on the principals of Christianity, the nation that was established with the end goal of departure from strict mistreatment, standing aside and permitting individuals to be slaughtered? Is it accurate to say that we are so enveloped with things of this world, would we say we are so enveloped with economy and cash and oil that we stand aside and permit individuals to be fiercely executed so we can keep our gas costs low and our kin safe? Regardless of whether we don’t all concur that Christians are correct aren't right, don’t we as a whole accept that human life is significant, and that it must be preserved?We did battle with the Middle Eastern n ations to battle this â€Å"War on Terror,† however what did that achieve? Wellbeing for our own fringes, and not even that to its fullest degree. It never really help the a huge number of Christians living in dread all around the globe. So what would it be advisable for us to do? We the individuals, of the United States of America, must return to our foundations, return to the motivation behind why we came here in any case, and forsake the entirety of our unimportant contentions, with the goal that we can help the individuals who are the mistreated and the oppressed as a result of their confidence.

English paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

English paper - Essay Example In that capacity, specialized components of portrayal, novel and weighty philosophical methodologies, authentic pertinence, and numerous different parts of Jansco’s approach will be utilized. it is hence the expectation of this specific writer that such a degree of investigation will have the option to draw in the peruser with an all the more full and complete comprehension of the way through which this specific producer furnished cinemagoers with a one of a kind perspective on the world and an interpretive methodology that has kept on intriguing film pundits and regular watchers the same for a considerable length of time after its underlying discharge in his local Hungary. Right off the bat, before diving into any of the mechanics or real philosophical methodologies that Miklos Jansco makes inside the film, it would be a shocking oversight to accept that the unit of center for the film, to be specific the apparatchiks of the Habsburg Empire and the detained progressives, were not by one way or another a kind of correlation and differentiation between the socialist administration of Hungary and the downturn that was consistently an undeniable and present part of life at the time in which the film itself was made. Despite the fact that it can't be authoritatively expressed that the reason and inspiration that is reflected all through the film is some way or another metaphorical of Hungary’s sociopolitical status and type of government, unmistakable and inescapable degrees of differentiation exists all through the film that put forth for the watcher the methods for closeness and intensity of complexity in correlation that exists between the two. Be sides, because of the way that the socialist government Hungary, and the way, and in fact are after was curbed doesn't consider open disagreement, using a to some degree symbolic story of constraint under a â€Å"capitalist regime† was a viable pretense of calm yet welcoming analysis that couldn't have been spoken to in an increasingly open way. Another conspicuous undercurrent that is spoken to

The Use of CBD Oil to Treat Anxiety

The Use of CBD Oil to Treat Anxiety Holistic Health Print Does CBD Oil Help Relieve Anxiety? By Lisa M. Gerry Lisa M. Gerry is a freelance writer and editor who has written about mental health, happiness, travel, social activism and more. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa M. Gerry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on March 22, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 25, 2019 More in Self-Improvement Holistic Health Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Is CBD? Is It Legal? Should I Try It? View All Back To Top You may have noticed the recent influx in CBD products on the market. There are CBD gummies, sodas, chocolates, teas, cocktails, lotions, dog treats, and more. One of the most common ways people take CBD is mixed in a carrier oil that they place under their tongue and then swallow.   There are many benefits attributed to CBD oilâ€"everything from curing insomnia and improving glaucoma, to reducing inflammation and lessening anxiety. At this point, there are very few studies that have resulted in conclusive findings on the therapeutic effects of CBD.   So, what exactly is CBD oil? How (if at all) can  it help alleviate anxiety? What Is CBD? Cannabidiol (CBD) is an extract from the Cannabis sativa plant. While it is derived from the same plant that produces marijuana, CBD does not contain tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, which is the component in marijuana that elicits a psychoactive reaction, or a “high.” Function While there are many far-reaching  claims  about the positive effects of CBD oilâ€"as well as lots of anecdotal reporting of happy customersâ€"there have been few conclusive studies.   Anxiety is a common, distressing and disruptive condition. It is defined by  an  extreme apprehension that is accompanied by unpleasant symptoms like feeling nervous, irritable, or on edge, as well as having a sense of impending doom or danger. Its symptoms include increased heart rate, rapid breathing, sweating or trembling, feeling weak or tired, difficulty concentrating, sleep disturbances, and gastrointestinal problems. According to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA), “Anxiety disorders are the most common mental illness in the U.S., affecting 40 million adults in this country  age 18 and older, or 18.1 [percent] of the population every year.” While there are many pharmaceutical treatments for anxiety, there is still a great desire and need  for discovering new and more natural remedies.  For some, CBD has been one such treatment.   In the 2015  study, “Cannabidiol as a Potential Treatment for Anxiety Disorders,” published in  the journal Neurotherapeutics,  the researchers sought to determine CBDs efficacy in treating anxiety-related disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The studys authors referenced 49 primary preclinical, clinical, or epidemiological studies and they determined that acute use of CBD was effective in reducing anxiety. It did not  cause an increase in anxiety and was well tolerated in humans with no negative impacts on mood, vital signs, or psychomotor skills (ones where movement and thinking are combined).   The studys authors note  that further research is needed on the physiological and therapeutic  effects of CBD on anxiety sufferers as well as the effects of  chronic use.   Is It Legal? The  Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018  removed hemp from the Controlled Substances Act, which means that hemp and its derivatives (which includes CBD) are no longer illegal substances under federal law. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the authority to regulate CBD and other hemp products and they have said they will be particularly vigilant regarding therapeutic claims by CBD products that have not been approved by the FDA.     In 2018, the FDA approved a drug called  Epidiolex, which contains CBD, and has been shown to be an effective treatment of seizures that are caused by two rare and serious forms of epilepsy. Currently, that is the only FDA-approved therapeutic use of CBD. The CBD used in Epidiolex is pharmaceutical grade and the amount in each dose is closely controlled. The CBD products that are currently available on the market are not regulated in that way and so there have been reports that the amount of CBD in each product and/or dose may vary significantly. In rare instances, the retailer might not be forthcoming or honest about all of the ingredients in their products.   Should I Try It? According to many anecdotal reports, some people who suffer from anxiety have experienced an easing of their anxiety symptoms, or a  pleasant calming effect after taking CBD oil. It may cause some drowsiness, so that is important to considerâ€"in fact, many people use it to help  improve their sleep.   Side effects are rare and minimal but may include changes in appetite, changes in moods, diarrhea, dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting. There is also some worry that the use of CBD may lead to an increase in liver enzymes, which can be a marker of liver damage or inflammation.   If you are considering trying CBD oil, talk with your doctor. Make sure they consider whether it might interact with any of the other medications you are taking, including blood thinners. CBD is not recommended for women who are pregnant or nursing.   While there are many therapeutic and pharmaceutical treatment options to help ease anxiety and its symptoms, its always worth looking into new options. For some, CBD oil has been a wonderful addition to their treatment toolkit.   The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Using the French Expression Oh làlÃÂ

The French phrase oh là   là   isnt so much an expression as an interjection. It can indicate surprise, disappointment, commiseration, distress, or annoyance. The phrase is used to express any moderately strong reaction to something that was just said or done, for example: Oh là   là   ! Jai oublià © mon portefeuille! Oh no, I forgot my wallet! You can strengthen the phrase by adding more  là  s, but you need to do so in pairs. Using and Misusing Oh là   là   A native French speaker might use the expression as follows. Suppose this person is passing through Charles de Gaulle Airport, which is near Paris. Imagine that the man is looking at souvenirs and knocks over a small Eiffel Tower made of glass, causing it to shatter. He might exclaim: Oh là  Ã‚  là   là  Ã‚  là   là  Ã‚  là  !  (Note how he inserted four extra  là  s—two pairs of two—to heighten his expression of annoyance or mortification.) Another example might be a French native speaker playing poker. Suppose the card player draws an ace to give her four aces, generally a winning hand. She might use the phrase as follows:   Oh là   là   là   là   ! (a beat) là   là  ! Note that in English, this expression is often used to talk about something risquà ©. It tends to be misspelled in these occurrences and mispronounced as ooh la la. It is also usually said fairly slowly and with the first word comically elongated. That is not the way to use the expression correctly in French. Pronouncing and Defining Oh là   là   Click the link for [o la la] to bring up a sound file that will let you hear how to correctly pronounce the phrase. Click the link a couple of times, listen carefully, and then repeat the saying until you are able to pronounce it correctly. Though the phrase does, indeed, translate as Oh dear, Oh my, or Oh no, its literal translation is Oh there, there. That would make little sense in English, hence the generally accepted, and more emotional, translations. Using  Oh là   là   in Conversation According to The Local, there are many ways to correctly use this versatile interjection: For example, you show someone your new ring and they say, Oh là   là   cest trop jolie!  (Oh my god it’s so pretty!) It is high, light and happy. The Stockholm-based website devoted to European languages and culture, including French, warns that you should not use the phrase for particularly negative situations, such as  a car barreling  through a pedestrian crossing nearly knocking  you over, a biker ringing his bell at you, or someone cutting in front of you in line at the grocery store. There are other  French phrases  that are more appropriate for those kinds of situations. But the expressive phrase is really a useful one to employ if you are visiting France: (There are) moments when Oh là   là   là   là   là   là  Ã‚  is really the only way you can express your frustration/anger/hanger (hunger anger). It is satisfying. If you live in Paris long enough, says the website, it will become an automatic part of your vocabulary, adding that at this the point, youll know youre really turning Parisian.

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The present situation in iraq Free Essays

The Iraq’s general condition, including economic and political condition is bad[1]. During the years Saddam Hussein’s dictatorship, there was a great dramatic fall of its economy. It was mainly due to the war Hussein aggressively started against Kuwait. We will write a custom essay sample on The present situation in iraq or any similar topic only for you Order Now    When US and British troops motivated in invading Iraq, which soon caused his defeat, its economic condition became even poorer. Sending powerful armed forces to fully disarm the Iraqi President Hussein was a big historical success but its remnants were a nightmare. The damage caused by the war made the entire population suffer. Everyone faced the same very difficult conditions. Lots of resources, agricultural and other land areas have been damaged. Recently, it appeared on the news[2] that there is a vague clue of reconciliation in Iraq. It says, â€Å"Leaders of the main factions have haggled over issues behind closed doors and urged Parliament to pass some conciliatory measures.† Although there is a temporary ceasefire, still the Iraqi leaders, as well as their supporters in the greater Middle East, have so many unfinished settlements on peace agreement. Seeing the present situation in Iraq, the answer to the question regarding new opportunities in the country is indistinguishable. By year 2006, Iraq is fourth[3] on the rank of the greatest oil reserves in the world. While, the current state of DWI is in Syria and in China, having oil reserves of 2.5 billion barrels and 18.3 billion barrels, respectively.[4] In comparison, Iraq has 115 billion barrels of oil deposit. With this much amount of difference, it is very tempting to venture any oil business in the area. It’s clear to have a predictable rise on the DWI revenue if it would have its development in Iraq. This would also give out opportunities to workers to have better compensation. However attempting to expand market share in Iraq would be too risky. Sending groups of people to work for the company in a particular chaotic place is very unethical. This is the primary reason United States law and U.N Sanctions barred any entry of business in Iraq. If DWI would insist to put in their business in the country, they would have to seek support from the US government first. Another option would be to have dealings with country’s parliament. Even if DWI would have settled with the US government or the parliament issues of Iraq, there is still no guarantee of a long-term settlement because the situation among them is even not fixed yet. Lots of deliberation is still going on among Iraqi leaders, and also between the Iraqi leaders and the US government as well. Thus any business dealings with the country these days are still unreliable. The best suggestion would be to wait for the time when there would be a secured peace in Iraq. References: Kjeilen, Tore. (Copyright 1996-2008). Looklex Encyclopedia. â€Å"Iraq: The Iraqi Republic†. Retrieved April 07, 2008 from http://i-cias.com/e.o/iraq.htm. Mahdi, Kamil A. (2003). Iraq’s Economic Predicament. United Kingdom: Ithaca Press. Nafzinger, Wayne E., Frances Stewart, and Raimo Vayrynen.(2002).War, Hunger, and Displacement: The Origins of Humanitarian Emergencies  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   New York: Oxford Press. [1] Kjeilen, Tore, â€Å"Iraq: The Iraqi Republic†, Looklex Encyclopedia,http://i-cias.com/e.o/iraq.htm, Accessed 07 April 2008. [2] Taken from â€Å"Overview: The Iraq War† The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html#1, Accessed 08 April 2008. [3] Based from â€Å"Greatest Oil Reserves by Country, 2006†, HighBeam Research, LLC.  © Copyright 2005, http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0872964.html, Accessed 08 April 2008. [4] Mentioned in â€Å"Syria:Energy and power†, http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/Syria-ENERGY-AND-POWER.html, Accessed 08 April 2008. How to cite The present situation in iraq, Essay examples

Impact of Business Communication Simulation

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Business Communication Simulation. Answer: Introduction: The Theatre skills can be effectively used in the studies of business management. It links the use of theatre techniques as a business management tool for the managers and examines the use of corporate theatre as a change management tool for the business administrators. In the research paper, a case study is conducted in the Grenoble Graduate School of Business where corporate theatre is taught to the business students and the training managers. The paper elaborates that several theatre pedagogical methods which trains the actors regarding body language, emotions and voice and can be used by the management institutions to physically train the students regarding expressiveness, imagination and creativity (Lesavre, 2012). The theatre tools can be used to develop the verbal communication, negotiation, and the public speaking capabilities (Wankel and Wankel, 2016). Moreover, they can be used to develop imagination and creativity of the business managers which will be beneficial in the st rategic planning of the organization. It can provide the educational institution a pedagogical approach which can increase the understanding of the people and increase the intellectual and emotional capabilities of the students. It also increases the awareness of the managers regarding themselves and others which can be beneficial in team building and enhance the implementation of human resource and marketing strategies. The theatre pedagogical techniques can increase the self-awareness of the managers which can reduce their inhibitions and self-consciousness and increase their elf-confidence. It can increase the emotional intelligence of the managers and also increases the awareness of the other people. The theatre exercises also acknowledge the importance of body language in communication and increases their focus (Lesavre, 2012). Business Communication Courses in Management Institutuion There is limited focus on business communication is management institutions. It examines the communication course requirements, sequences and programs in the courses offered at best undergraduate schools across the globe. In the research article, it was identified that more than 15% of the business schools do not have business communication course in their curriculum (Sharp Brumberger, 2013). These business institutions offer communication programs as core curriculum; however, it does not encompass business communication. It is significant outcome of the study as business communication differs in several ways from the general communication specifically at the freshman level. In business communication, the focus on written courses is more than oral communication. In the curriculum audit conducted in the study, the trends, program outcomes and the required changes are identified (Sharp Brumberger, 2013). The study posits that there is significant improvement in the business communica tion course offering to the students; however, it is not as per the expectations. Recently, several advanced and special topics are integrated into the business course offerings which is a strong indicator of emphasis provided on business communication theory and practice (Guffey Loewy, 2014). There is still high scope for the improvement in the business course offerings as only a limited number of management educational institutions have made the business communication mandatory in the management program. Moreover, the inclusion of the business development course does not mean that it is implemented through a series of related courses rather in most for the education institutions business communication course is implemented as a standalone course in higher grades. The course content has also not changed over the years (Krizan, Merrier, Logan, Williams, 2010). Business communication is central to the business management efforts; therefore, the course curriculum should be designed accordingly (Sharp Brumberger, 2013). Impact of a Business Communication Simulation on Students Self-Perception The business communication simulation has a positive impact on the perception of students regarding the business communication. The simulation is considered a part of the experiential learning wherein the participants learn from a series of experiences. It yields a series of cognitive, affective and kinaesthetic results which maximizes the students engagement with learning. The study highlights the benefits for the students when they participate in interactive assessment environment (Arbaugh, 2010). When learning simulation is provided to the students, it enhances the message delivery, message construction, critical analysis and collaboration with the colleagues. It can also provide real-time assessment of the actual communication behaviour of the students in the business organizations (Russ and Drury-Grogan, 2013). With simulation, the students attain a positive forum so that they can communicate with their peers and other professionals in business communication field. The study has implemented pre and post evaluation techniques to evaluate the impact of simulation on message construction, message delivery, critical analysis and students participation which states that simulation is positivey correlated with each of these factors. The research study also posits that participation in the business simulation impacts positively on the students perception of the business communication skills. It is also beneficial to enhance the communication capabilities of the future managers in the international and the cross-cultural communication (Russ and Drury-Grogan, 2013). It was concluded in the study that simulation is an integral part of the business communication curriculum as the student are confronted with difficult and realistic business problems and analyze them with diverse perspectives (Russ and Drury-Grogan, 2013). Self-Reflection using DIEP Method In the present section, the event of the analysis and learning from the different journal articles related to business communication is reflected from the DIEP (Describe, Interpret, Evaluate and Plan) method. It can be used to think and learn from an experience (Boud, Keogh and Walker, 2013). Describe: In the business school, we were provided the task of presenting a PowerPoint presentation related to business communication. We have to coordinate with the other team members and create a PowerPoint presentation. The team members were determined by the professor and we have to collaborate with each other. In this task, I learnt how to communicate confidently in public setting. Interpret: I was afraid to speak in public platforms or in front of large audience. However, with this experience, I realized that with practice a person can learn anything. I also realized that I can communicate effectively in social settings and publically (Guffey and Loewy, 2014). Evaluate: It can evaluated from the above experience that with proper guidance and efforts, I can learn to improve my business communication skills. I also examined that in comparison to my peers, my public speaking qualities were little weak. Plan: In regard to my public speaking qualities, I realized that I can learn a lot from my peers and teachers. I plan to participate more in the public speaking activities to increase my business communication skills. Describe: The business communication course has assisted me in overcoming my fear of working in the real business world. Although I have been a good student in my past years; I did not have the practical knowledge of working in the corporate world. While studying in the business school I realized that I need to dress up according to the business environment. I also realized the importance of dressing professionally and politely. My teachers taught me how to dress up like a real employee, wear trousers. They also taught the classes how the shirts are needed to be bottomed up and no open toed shoes or sandals are allowed in the classes. We practices to dress appropriately and formally in the class. Interpret: During these training sessions, I realized the importance of formal wear in the organization. Before these training sessions, I went in casual wears to conduct mock interviews for my juniors. During the exercise, I realized that nobody is taking me seriously and I was required to dress up for the occasion. I also understood the difference between the casual and the formal wear. I realized that there are number of formal shirts and trousers which are used in the formal dressing; however, the selection of appropriate dress is important for the organization. Evaluate: I evaluated that dressing up for the occasion is really important for the occasion. I realized that the first impression is the last impression and I need to wear proper dresses every time in professional meeting. Plan: During these classes, I realized the importance of formal dressing in organization setting. I plan to practice wearing the formal clothes so that I can carry them comfortably later in life. I also realized that cleanliness is also important along with wearing formal clothes. During all the mock exercises and interviews, I will make sure to wear proper clothes and follow cleanliness regime. Describe: In the business communication course the prime focus was on email writing and the written communication. In the business organizations, it is important to learn how to write clear and detailed emails to peers and colleagues. I learnt how to formulate accurate and structured emails for the business communication. I realized that earlier I used to use casual language in business communication which is not acceptable in the organization settings. Interpret: I interpreted the importance of sing the formal yet friendly tone in business communication. I also understood that I am really nervous while communicating with strange people and need to enhance my communication skills to become successful in professional life. Evaluate: It can be evaluated from the personal experience that email writing is essential component of the business communication. It is important to communicate accurately, systematically and clearly with peers to increase the transparency in the communication. Plan: In this activity, I learnt how to write business emails to colleagues as well as client. I understood that I have to avoid certain casual words and language and use different tones while speaking to my colleagues and clients. I will practice writing business emails and try to communicate all the official information with the medium of business emails only. References Guffey, ME Loewy, D 2014, Business Communication: Process and Product. Cengage Learning. Lesavre, L 2012, Are theatre and business links relevant? A conceptual paper and a case study, Journal of Management Development, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 243-252. Russ, T, Drury-Grogan, ML 2013, Assessing the Impact of a Business Communication Simulation on Students Self-Perception, Communication Quarterly, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 584-595. Sharp, MR Brumberger, ER 2013, Business Communication Curricula Today: Revisiting the Top 50 Undergraduate Business Schools, Business Communication Quarterly, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 5-27. Krizan, ACB, Merrier, P, Logan, JP, Williams, KS 2010, Business Communication Cengage Learning Arbaugh, JB 2010, Online and Blended Business Education for the 21st Century: Current Research and Future Directions Elsevier Wankel, C and Wankel, LA 2016Integrating Curricular and Co-Curricular Endeavors to Enhance Student Outcomes Emerald Group Publishing

A Comparison of Styles and Settings essays

A Comparison of Styles and Settings essays In the short story "Soldier's Home," by Ernest Hemingway, Kreb's rejection of his community's values can be related to Sammy's relationship to his supermarket job in John Updike's "A he never lets readers become personal or emotional to Kreb's. Where in "A unky kid, with a good tan, and a sweet broad soft-looking can, with these two crescents of white just under it, where the sun never seems to hit, at the top of the backs of her legs" (480). Comments about the girls like this one gives Updike's "A&P" a youthful humor for readers to enjoy. Another example of this is when Sammy thinks to himself, "She did not look around, not this queen, she just walked straight on slowly, on these long white prema-donna legs" (481). Statements like this gives readers comic relief and throughout the rest of the story he refers to this leader of the girls as Queenie. An example of when Sammy refers to her is when he says, "Queenie blushes, though maybe it's Hayes 2 maybe just a brush of sunburn I was noticing for the first time, now that she was so close" (483). There is no light-hearted or uplifting thoughts given from Krebs in "Soldier's Home" just serious, cold, not so happy statements for example, "Krebs acquired the nausea i...

Perfectly Inelastic Collision Definition in Physics

Perfectly Inelastic Collision Definition in Physics A perfectly inelastic collision is one in which the maximum amount of kinetic energy has been lost during a collision, making it the most extreme case of an inelastic collision. Though kinetic energy is not conserved in these collisions, momentum is conserved and the equations of momentum can be used to understand the behavior of the components in this system. In most cases, you can tell a perfectly inelastic collision because of the objects in the collision stick together, sort of like a tackle in American football. The result of this sort of collision is fewer objects to deal with after the collision than you had before the collision, as demonstrated in the following equation for a perfectly inelastic collision between two objects. (Although in football, hopefully, the two objects come apart after a few seconds.) Equation for a Perfectly Inelastic Collision:m 1 v1i m2 v2i ( m 1 m 2) vf Proving Kinetic Energy Loss You can prove that when two objects stick together, there will be a loss of kinetic energy. Lets assume that the first mass, m1, is moving at velocity vi and the second mass, m2, is moving at velocity 0. This may seem like a really contrived example, but keep in mind that you could set up your coordinate system so that it moves, with the origin fixed at m2, so that the motion is measured relative to that position. So really any situation of two objects moving at a constant speed could be described in this way. If they were accelerating, of course, things would get much more complicated, but this simplified example is a good starting point. m1vi (m1 m2)vf[m1 / (m1 m2)] * vi vfYou can then use these equations to look at the kinetic energy at the beginning and end of the situation.Ki 0.5m1Vi2Kf 0.5(m1 m2)Vf2Now substitute the earlier equation for Vf, to get:Kf 0.5(m1 m2)*[m1 / (m1 m2)]2*Vi2Kf 0.5 [m12 / (m1 m2)]*Vi2Now set the kinetic energy up as a ratio, and the 0.5 and Vi2 cancel out, as well as one of the m1 values, leaving you with:Kf / Ki m1 / (m1 m2) Some basic mathematical analysis will allow you look at the expression m1 / (m1 m2) and see that for any objects with mass, the denominator will be larger than the numerator. So any objects that collide in this way will reduce the total kinetic energy (and total velocity) by this ratio. We have now proven that any collision where the two objects collide together results in a loss of total kinetic energy. Ballistic Pendulum Another common example of a perfectly inelastic collision is known as the ballistic pendulum, where you suspend an object such as a wooden block from a rope to be a target. If you then shoot a bullet (or arrow or other projectile) into the target, so that it embeds itself into the object, the result is that the object swings up, performing the motion of a pendulum. In this case, if the target is assumed to be the second object in the equation, then v2i 0 represents the fact that the target is initially stationary.   m1v1i m2v2i (m1 m2)vfm1v1i m2 (0) (m1 m2)vfm1v1i (m1 m2)vf Since you know that the pendulum reaches a maximum height when all of its kinetic energy turns into potential energy, you can, therefore, use that height to determine that kinetic energy, then use the kinetic energy to determine vf, and then use that to determine v1i - or the speed of the projectile right before impact. Also Known As: completely inelastic collision

Chemical KInetics Chemistry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chemical KInetics Chemistry - Assignment Example The theory states that when appropriate molecules of a reactant collide against each other, it is only a definite proportion of the collisions that result in a perceptible chemical change (Goldberger and Watson, 2004). These collisions are termed successful collisions, and possess activation energy. The idea of activation energy was introduced by Svante Arrhenius in 1889, and is the amount of energy needed to be gained by the reactant molecules to form the product. During the exact instant of collision, the pre-existing bonds are broken and new bonds formed. This results in the formation of the products of the reaction. The higher the temperature the higher the rate at which its constituent particles move. This increased particular motion increases the chances of the particles colliding, resulting in more successful collisions that lead to bonds being broken and new ones forming, resulting in the formation of new products, and thereby increasing the reaction rate. This is proven in the graph above, which shows that the molecules that have higher kinetic energies resulting from high temperatures have higher reaction rates, since the increased motion between the molecules results in increased molecular collisions that raises the reaction rates. Pressure has an effect on the rate of various chemical reactions, only involving gases. Raising it leads to a corresponding increase in the rate of the reaction. Raising or lowering the pressure of a reaction system involving liquids or solids leads to no change in the rate of the reaction. For a specific amount of gas, to raise the pressure of the gas one would have to compress the gas so that it would be contained in a lesser volume. Doing so would mean the same amount of gas is found in a much smaller volume, resulting in a higher concentration. Since the gas particles are closer to each other, their random motions result in more frequent collisions. These

Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Final - Essay Example Berkeley looks critically at the notions of having to tell what an object is by looking at its physical appearance and sees it as a way in which we can variably state the existence of an object. Idealism is spread through notions of using common sense to distinguish between perceived objects and the apprehended ones. Thus, the best way to deal with notions of objectivity is by feeling the object either by touch or by the sense of comprehension. The fainter it is the more a person uses the senses of apprehension to get its full understand. The bigger it is, the more one uses touch to identify the nature of the object. He further talks about allusion that external ideas are composed of ideas that tend to show their impact on the way we deal with them. I agree with his idea since we either visualize or apprehend what is seen. There is a need to look at everything objectively in order to check on the possibility of having new ideas on objects we formed suggestions on and get them figured as they are supposed to be. Humes on the other hand brings about the idea of having a close relationship with what one is experiencing to prove that there is nothing as important as having the ability to use ones impressions, experience, ideas and sensations as away of identifying what is existent and what is non-existent. He relies on the use of criticism and reality on proving his critics wrong. He supports his notions using counter-criticisms as a means of winning souls and mind with the same thinking strategy as his. He uses metaphysics as a sign of explaining why he believes in one thing and detests the rest but does not fully explain what is meant by having him resolve the causes and their effects in the real world (Peter, 2006). He is similar to Berkeley and some earlier philosophers in the way he talks of relating what one sees with the impressions created by the mind.

Extraction of Amylase Enzyme From Yam | Experiment

Extraction of Amylase Enzyme From Yam | Experiment Amylolytic enzymes are widely distributed in plant tissues, e.g. in storage tissues such as seeds and tubers and in vegetative organs such as leaves. There exist two types of amylases in some species of plants, (E.C.3.2.1.1; 1-4-ÃŽÂ ±-D-glucan glucohydrolase) and (E.C.3.2.1.2; 1-4-ÃŽÂ ²-D-glucan maltohydrolase) amylases [Thoma, J.A., J.E. Sprandlin and S. Dygert, 1971]. Beta-amylase (-1, 4-glucan maltohyrolase, E.C.3,2,1,2) is an exoamylase that attacks the non reducing ends of starches molecules, producing a-maltose and a limit dextrin as products [Thoma, J.A., J.E. Sprandlin and S. Dygert, 1971]. In starch-enriched tissues, ÃŽÂ ²-amylase may play a role in the mobilization of starch during germination or sprouting tubers [Greenwood, C.T. and E.A. Milne, 1968]. Many reports have been demonstrated that ÃŽÂ ²-amylase has a great commercial value in food and beverage industries. The enzyme is useful in structural studies of starch and glycogen. Marshal and Whelan [Marshall, J. et al 1973] report on the removal of any contaminating ÃŽÂ ²-glucosidase. The practical interest of ÃŽÂ ²-amylase was concentrated on its capacity to produce maltose syrups from starch [Biovin, P., 1997.]. ÃŽÂ ²-amylase has previously been purified and characterized from different types of plant sources and a few of microbial origin. In higher plants, the molecular characterization of ÃŽÂ ²-amylase has been carried out on enzyme purified from the organs enriched in starch such as sweet potato tubers [Balls, A.K.,1948, et al], leaves [Vikso-Nelson, A., et al 1997], bulbs [Dicko, M.H., et al, 2000], seeds of various cereal species such as barley [Shinke, R. et al 1971], wheat [Trachuk, R. et al 1966], rice [Okamato, K. and T. Akazawa, 1978] and other higher plants such as soybean [Gertler, A. and Y. Birk, 1965]. On the other hand, much less information is available on the purification and characterization of ÃŽÂ ²-amylase from root. The present study reports the pur ification of ÃŽÂ ²-amylase from Yam (Dioscorea esculenta) root to a pure state along with its characterization. Amylase is an enzyme that breaks starch down into sugar. Amylase is present in human saliva, where it begins the chemical process of digestion. Foods that contain much starch but little sugar, such as rice and potato, taste slightly sweet as they are chewed because amylase turns some of their starch into sugar in the mouth. The pancreas also makes amylase (alpha amylase) to hydrolyse dietary starch into disaccharides and trisaccharides which are converted by other enzymes to glucose to supply the body with energy. Plants and some bacteria also produce amylase. As diastase, amylase was the first enzyme to be discovered and isolated (by Anselme Payen in 1833). Specific amylase proteins are designated by different Greek letters. All amylases are glycoside drolases and act on ÃŽÂ ±-1,4-glycosidic bonds. It will start to denature at around 60C. Amylase digests not only carbohydrates but also dead white blood cells. For example, when you are low in amylase you are a candidate for abscesses (inflamed areas with pus but not bacteria). If you have a toothache and are being treated with antibiotics, but it doesnt go away, chances are you have an abscess. Amylase is involved in anti-inflammatory reactions such as those caused by the release of histamine and similar substances. The inflammatory response usually occurs in organs which are in contact with the outside world, i.e., the lungs and skin. These include skin problems such as psoriasis, eczema, hives and all types of herpes. Some lung problem including asthma and emphysema may require amylase plus other enzyme formulas depending on the particular ailment. There are many types of amylases, but of importance are: ÃŽÂ ±-amylase, ÃŽÂ ²-amylase and glucoamylase. A diagram of an amylase molecule from human saliva. 1.1 ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­ Amylase (EC 3.2.1.2) (alternate names: 1,4-ÃŽÂ ±-D-glucan maltohydrolase; glycogenase; saccharogen amylase) Another form of amylase, ÃŽÂ ²-amylase is also synthesized by bacteria, fungi, and plants. Working from the non-reducing end, ÃŽÂ ²-amylase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the second ÃŽÂ ±-1,4 glycosidic bond, cleaving off two glucose units (maltose) at a time. During the ripening of fruit, ÃŽÂ ²-amylase breaks starch into maltose, resulting in the sweet flavor of ripe fruit. Both ÃŽÂ ±-amylase and ÃŽÂ ²-amylase are present in seeds; ÃŽÂ ²-amylase is present prior to germination, whereas ÃŽÂ ±-amylase and proteases appear once germination has begun. Cereal grain amylase is key to the production of malt. Many microbes also produce amylase to degrade extracellular starches. Animal tissues do not contain ÃŽÂ ²-amylase, although it may be present in microrganisms contained within the digestive tract. 1.1.2 CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Digestion of carbohydrate begins in the mouth by the action of salivary ÃŽÂ ±-amylase.Only limited digestion of carbohydrate occurs, however, because salivary ÃŽÂ ±-amylase is denatured in the stomach due to the low pH. Digestion begins again in the small intestine when pancreatic ÃŽÂ ±-amylase is secreted. Starch is broken down into maltose, isomaltose, and maltotriose by ÃŽÂ ±-amylase through the hydrolysis of ÃŽÂ ±-1-4 glycosidic bonds. These products as well as any other disaccharides that were ingested must be further digested to their respective monosaccharide units by brush border enzymes (maltase, isomaltase, lactase, and sucrase) before absorption. Maltose is hydrolyzed to two glucose molecules by maltase. Isomaltose is hydrolyzed to two glucose molecules by isomaltase. Lactose is hydrolyzed to one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose by lactase. Sucrose is hydrolyzed to one molecule of fructose and one molecule of glucose by sucrase. After absorp tion, glucose, galactose, and fructose are transported to the liver via the portal blood. The liver can transform galactose and fructose into glucose (Gropper et al 2005). 1.1.3 REACTIONS OF BETA AMYLASE Starch + H2O in vitro breakdown of semicrystalline starch particles by beta-amylases increases significantly if they act together with glucan, water dikinase starch substrate of different sources, e.g. wheat, wheat bran, rice bran beta-amylase hydrolyzes alpha-1,4-linkage, raw starch granules from potato, wheat, rice and corn, with the granules from rice being the best substrate, beta-amylase attacks very slowly on the starch granules, hydrolyzes corn granules efficiently at 45 °C . Beta-amylase is an exo-enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the alpha-1,4-glucosidic linkage of the substrate liberating beta-maltose from the non-reducing end, Glu-172 and Glu-367 are catalytic residues, substrate recognition mechanism, enzyme structure beta-amylase is an inverting enzyme that hydrolyzes the alpha-1,4-glucosidic linkage of the substrate liberating beta-maltose from the non-reducing end, catalytic mechanism, Glu-172 acts as general acid, Glu-367 acts as general base catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-1,4-glucosidic linkages of soluble starch, and liberates beta-anomeric maltose from the nonreducing ends, exo-acting enzyme, composed of two functional domains, a catalytic domain: domains A and B, and starch-binding domain: domain C, beta-amylase has three carbohydrate-binding sites aside from the active site: two in domain B named Site2 and Site3, one in domain C named Site1, roles of these sites in the catalytic reaction and raw starch-binding, beta-amylase hardly h ydrolyzes raw starch from wheat, corn, potato or sweet potato, but binds to it strongly hydrolyzes the alpha-1,4-glucosidic linkage liberating beta-maltose from the non-reducing end of substrate, enzyme/domain structure, starch binding site in domain C, catalytic mechanism starch substrate of different sources, e.g. wheat, wheat bran, rice bran starch substrate of different sources. Beta-amylase hydrolyzes alpha-1,4-linkage, raw starch granules from potato, wheat, rice and corn, with the granules from rice being the best substrate, no efficient hydrolysis of raw starch granules, very slow enzymic attack catalyzes the release of maltose from soluble starch. Malbranchea sulfureastarch substrate of different sources, e.g. wheat, wheat bran, rice bran 106.9% of the activity with amylose, soluble starch, amylose and amylopectin are the most suitable substrates, some activity against native starch, exo-hydrolase that releases beta-maltose from the non-reducing end of alpha-1,4-linked poly- and oligoglucans until the first alpha-1,6-branching point along the substrate molecule is encountered, beta-amylase should be a key enzyme in starch degradation during the germination of millet seeds, enzyme activity increases during days 1-4 of germination starch substrate of different sources, e.g. wheat, wheat bran, rice bran best substrate, pure and low quality starches, maize starch, tapioca starch maltose is the major end product, traces of maltooligosaccharides, no glucose as product. Beta-amylase is involved in starch degradation during mango ripening, which is clearly triggered by detachment from the mother-plant starch enzyme induction upon a cold shock at 4 °C leads to starch-dependent maltose accumulation, which might be required for protection of the photosynthetic electron transport chain, maltose influences the carbohydrate metabolism. Of the components of starch, amylopectin presents the great challenge to hydrolytic enzyme systems. This is due to residues involved in 1,6-glycosidic branch points which constitute about 4-6% of the glucose present. Most hydrolytic enzyme are specific for 1,4-glycosidic links yet the 1,6-glycosidic links must also cleaved for complete hydrolysis of amylopectin to glucose. Some of the most impressive recent exercises in the development of new enzymes have concerned debranching enzymes. It is necessary to hydrolyse starch in a wide variety of processes which may be condensed into two basic classes; Processes in which the starch hydrolysate is to be used by microbes or man and processes in which it is necessary to eliminate starch. In the former processes, such as glucose syrup production, starch is usually the major component of reaction mixtures, whereas in the latter processes, such as the processing of sugar cane juice, small amounts of starch which contaminate non-starchy materials are removed. Enzymes of various types are used in these processes. Although starches from diverse plants may be utilized, corn is the worlds most abundant source and provides most of the substrate used in the preparation of starch hydrolysates. There are three stages in the conversion of starch Gelatinisation, involving the dissolution of the nanogram-sized starch granules to form a viscous suspension; Liquefaction, involving the partial hydrolysis of the starch, with concomitant loss in viscosity; and Saccharification, involving the production of glucose and maltose by further hydrolysis. Galatinisation is achieved by heating starch with water, and occurs necessarily and naturally when starchy foods are cooked. Gelatinized starch is readily liquefied by partial hydrolysis with enzymes or acids are saccharified by further acidic or enzymic hydrolysis (Chaplin,2004). USES OF AMYLASE Amylase enzyme finds use in bread making and to break down complex sugars such as starch (found in flour) into simple sugars. Yeast then feeds on these simple sugars and converts it into the waste products of alcohol and CO2. This imparts flavour and causes the bread to rise. While Amylase enzymes are found naturally in yeast cells, it takes time for the yeast to produce enough of these enzymes to break down significant quantities of starch in the bread. This is the reason for long fermented doughs such as sour dough. Modern bread making techniques have included amylase enzymes (often in the form of malted barley) into bread improver thereby making the bread making process faster and more practical for commercial use. When used as a food additive, and may be derived from swine pancreas or mould mushroom. Bacilliary amylase is also used in clothing and dishwasher detergents to dissolve starches from fabrics and dishes. Workers in factories that work with amylase for any of the above uses are at increased risk of occupational asthma. 5-9% of bakers have a positive skin test, and a fourth to a third of bakers with breathing problems are hypersensitive to amylase. An inhibitor of alpha-amylase called phaseolamin has been tested as a potential diet aid. Blood serum amylase may be measured for purposes of medical diagnosis. A normal concentration is in the range 21-101 Mol/L. A higher than normal concentration may reflect one of several medical conditions, including acute inflammation of the pancreas, macroamylasemia, perforated peptic ulcer, and mumps. Amylase may be measured in other body fluids, including urine and peritoneal fluid. Two amylases are common to the baking industry, alpha-amylase and beta-amylase also known as alpha-1,4-glucan glucanohydrolase and alpha-1,4-glucan maltohydrolase. Amylases convert starch into sugar : the ÃŽÂ ±-amylase will cleave the starch randomly (the so called 1-4 bonds in the starch) while the ÃŽÂ ²-amylase can only chop off two sugar units at the time at the end of the starch chain. Normally there is enough ÃŽÂ ²-amylase present in the flour but sometimes addition of ÃŽÂ ±-amylase is needed. The ÃŽÂ ±-amylase will cut the starch into smaller units called dextrins and the more ÃŽÂ ±-amylase activity there is, the better for the ÃŽÂ ²-amylase because there are more extremities available. So the substrate for the ÃŽÂ ²-amylase is either starch or dextrins and the product is maltose. Alpha-amylase is an endoenzyme that attacks linkages within the molecular structure. It randomly cleaves starch chains at interior a-1,4-glycosidic linkages producing short chains of glucose molecules or dextrins. Beta-amylase is an exoenzyme and cleaves maltose units from the non-reducing end of the starch molecule. In order for these enzymes to function, the starch granule must be ruptured so that the individual starch molecules are available for enzymatic action. Depending upon their origin, alpha- and beta-amylases show differences in pH and temperature optima, thermostability, and other chemical stability. They do not require co-enzymes for activity, although alpha-amylase activity is enhanced by the presence of calcium. The pH optimum for alpha-amylase is 4.5 and it is inactivated at a pH of 3.3 to 4.0. This pH dependence decreases the efficacy of this enzyme in sour doughs. Beta-amylase is active across a much broader pH range, 4.5-9.2, with a pH optimum of 5.3. Alpha-amylase is relatively thermostable up to 70 °C, whereas beta-amylase loses about half of its activity at this temperature. Fungal amylase is the least temperature stable, followed by cereal amylase, while bacterial amylase is stable at higher temperatures. New intermediate stability enzymes have been developed that are active above the gelatinization temperature of starch (60 °C), but are totally inactivated at the later stages of baking (80-90 °C). The objective is to maximize the anti-staling effect without creating a gummy, sticky product. INHIBITORS OF AMYLASE ACTIVITY Amylase inhibitors are naturally present in many plants and protect the plant from pests by not allowing the insect to break down starch and gain energy from it. Plants may contain separate protease inhibitors as well or amylase inhibitors may play a dual role and also inhibit proteases. Protein amylase inhibitors as well as non-protein amylase inhibitors exist. Amylase inhibitors may be active against a wide variety of amylases or may be specific to certain insect amylases or mammalian amylases (Franco, et al 2002). Structure of Proteinaceous Amylase Inhibitors The determination of the structure of a complex between porcine pancreatic amylase  and a protein amylase inhibitor isolated from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) showed interaction between the pancreatic amylase active site and the inhibitor. Conformational changes were observed in the pancreatic amylase upon the binding of the inhibitor. The inhibitor was found to be a dimer with a disaccharide attached to one of the amino acid residues.  (Bompard G., et al, 1996). Amylase Inhibitors in yam tuber (Shivaraj, et al,. 1979) reported that sweet potatoes do not contain amylase  inhibitors while (Rekha, et al,1999) reported the presence of amylase inhibitors in 79 of  the 100 varieties tested. Cultivar differences as well as isolation procedure could account for  these differing results. Before performing amylase inhibitor assays, Shivaraj and others  homogenized sweet potato with water, allowed the samples to sit for 1 hour, centrifuged the  samples, collected the supernatant, and then subjected the supernatant to heat treatment  (80 °C for 10 minutes) to destroy native amylases. Rekha and others homogenized yam tuber in a sodium phosphate buffer containing polyvinyl pyrrolidone and sodium chloride,  stored the samples in the refrigerator, centrifuged the samples, and then performed  trichloroacetic acid precipitation to remove native amylases. Rekha and others chose to use  TCA precipitation rather than the heat treatment Shivaraj found heat treatment to be in effective at destroying all native amylase activity. YAM Yam is the common name for some species in the genus Dioscorea (family Dioscoreaceae). These are perennial herbaceous vines cultivated for the consumption of their starchy tubers in Africa, Asia, Latin America and Oceania. There are many cultivars of yam. Yam (Dioscorea spp., Dioscoreaceae) is classified as monocotyledonous but is considered to be closely related to dicotyledonous plants as a second cotyledon remains undeveloped in the embryo (Lawton and Lawton, 1967). The storage organ is probably a swollen hypocotyl (Lawton and Lawton, 1969), but is often described as a swollen root. A number of species are grown widely in the humid tropics with D. rotundata and D. cayenensis being of most importance, followed by D. alata and D. esculenta (Akoroda, 1993). These are all of African or East Asian origin, with only the minor species D. trifida being of American origin (Brà ¼cher, 1989). The tubers contain about 1-3  % protein on a dry weight basis (Coursey, 1995). Yam is source of carbohydrate; carbohydrates are one of the three major food groups needed for proper nutrition. Amylase is the digestive enzyme needed to digest carbohydrates. Carbohydrates in food are an important and immediate source of energy for the body. Starch refers to carbohydrates found in plants (grains). Vegetables and fruits are a source of sugar and are broken down to sugar or glucose. Carbohydrates are present in at least small quantities in most food, but the chief sources are the sugars are the sugars and the sugars and the starches (Wright, 1993) Uses of yam Food Yams of African species must be cooked to be safely eaten, because various natural substances in raw yams can cause illness if consumed. (Excessive skin contact with uncooked yam fluids can cause the skin to itch. If this occurs, a quick cold bath will stop the itching.) Yam is consumed in various ways, but is usually boiled and eaten. This involves cutting yam into pieces, then peeling the skin, and boiling the starchy meat. This is usually consumed with palm oil (traditional way), or with other sauces. The boiled yam can also be pounded with a traditional mortar and pestle to create a thick starchy paste known as Pounded Yam. This is also eaten with traditional stews and sauces. Another method of consumption is to sun dry the raw yam pieces. When dry, the pieces turn a dark brown color. This is then milled to create a powder known as elubo in Nigeria. The brown powder can be prepared with boiling water to create a thick brown starchy paste known as amala. This is also consumed with the local stews and sauces. The most common cooking method in Western and Central Africa is cooked boiled yam. (Wikipedia 2003). In India this vegetable is also called Garadu. In central part of India people cut small slices of the vegetable, deep fry them, sprinkle lots of spices on it and eat as snacks. In southern part of India, it is eaten with fish curry and is a local favorite.(Wikipedia 2003) 1.2 TYPES OF YAM Dioscorea rotundata and D. cayenensis Dioscorea rotunda, the white yam, and Dioscorea cayenensis, the yellow yam, are native to Africa. They are the most important cultivated yams. In the past they were considered two separate species but most taxonomists now regard them as the same species. There are over 200 cultivated varieties between them. The Kokoro variety is important in making dried yam chips. They are large plants; the vines can be as long as 10 to 12 meters (35 to 40 feet). The tubers most often weigh about 2.5 to 5  kg (6 to 12 lbs) each but can weigh as much as 25  kg (60 lbs). After 7 to 12 months growth the tubers are harvested. In Africa most are pounded into a paste to make the traditional dish of pounded yam (Kay 1987). Dioscorea alata A piece of cake made with Ube (water yam).Dioscorea alata, called water yam, winged yam and purple yam, was first cultivated in Southeast Asia. Although not grown in the same quantities as the African yams, it has the largest distribution world-wide of any cultivated yam, being grown in Asia, the Pacific islands, Africa, and the West Indies (Mignouna 2003). In the United States it has become an invasive species in some Southern states. In the Philippines it is known as ube (or ubi) and is used as an ingredient in many sweet desserts. In Vietnam, it is called khoai mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¡ and is used mainly as an ingredient for soup. In India, it is known as ratalu or violet yam. In Hawaii it is known as uhi. Uhi was brought to Hawaii by the early Polynesian settlers and became a major crop in the 1800s when the tubers were sold to visiting ships as an easily stored food supply for their voyages (White 2003). Dioscorea opposita Dioscorea opposita, Chinese yam, is native to China. The Chinese yam plant is somewhat smaller than the African, with the vines about 3 meters (10 feet) long. It is tolerant to frost and can be grown in much cooler conditions than other yams. It is now grown in China, Korea, and Japan. It was introduced to Europe in the 1800s when the potato crop there was falling victim to disease, and is still grown in France for the Asian food market. The tubers are harvested after about 6 months of growth. Some are eaten right after harvesting and some are used as ingredients for other dishes, including noodles, and for traditional medicines (Kay 1987).Air potato Dioscorea bulbifera Dioscorea bulbifera, the air potato, is found in both Africa and Asia, with slight differences between those found in each place. It is a large vine, 6 meters (20 ft) or more in length. It produces tubers; however the bulbils which grow at the base of its leaves are the more important food product. They are about the size of potatoes (hence the name air potato), weighing from 0.5 to 2  kg (1 to 5 lbs). Some varieties can be eaten raw while some require soaking or boiling for detoxification before eating. It is not grown much commercially since the flavor of other yams is preferred by most people. However it is popular in home vegetable gardens because it produces a crop after only four months of growth and continues producing for the life of the vine, as long as two years. Also the bulbils are easy to harvest and cook (Kay 1987). In 1905 the air potato was introduced to Florida and has since become an invasive species in much of the state. Its rapid growth crowds out native vegetation and is very difficult to remove since it can grow back from the tubers, and new vines can grow from the bulbils even after being cut down or burned (Schultz 1993). Dioscorea esculenta Dioscorea esculenta, the lesser yam, was one of the first yam species cultivated. It is native to Southeast Asia and is the third most commonly cultivated species there, although it is cultivated very little in other parts of the world. Its vines seldom reach more than 3 meters (10 feet) in length and the tubers are fairly small in most varieties. The tubers are eaten baked, boiled, or fried much like potatoes. Because of the small size of the tubers, mechanical cultivation is possible; which, along with its easy preparation and good flavor, could help the lesser yam to become more popular in the future (Kay 1987). Dioscorea trifida Dioscorea trifida, the cush-cush yam, is native to the Guyana region of South America and is the most important cultivated New World yam. Since they originated in tropical rain forest conditions their growth cycle is less related to seasonal changes than other yams. Because of their relative ease of cultivation and their good flavor they are considered to have a great potential for increased production (Kay 1987). Dioscorea dumetorum Dioscorea dumetorum, the bitter yam, is popular as a vegetable in parts of West Africa; one reason being that their cultivation requires less labor than other yams. The wild forms are very toxic and are sometimes used to poison animals when mixed with bait. It is said that they have also been used for criminal purposes (Kay 1987). 1.3 Nutritional value Yams are high in vitamin C, dietary fiber, vitamin B6, potassium, and manganese; while being low in saturated fat and sodium. Vitamin C, dietary fiber and vitamin B6 may all promote good health. Furthermore, a product that is high in potassium and low in sodium is likely to produce a good potassium-sodium balance in the human body, and so protect against osteoporosis and heart disease. Yam products generally have a lower glycemic index than potato products, which means that they will provide a more sustained form of energy, and give better protection against obesity and diabetes. Aim and objective The objective of this experiment is to extract the amylases mainly ÃŽÂ ²-amylase from yam tuber and determine the enzymatic activities of the enzymes. At the end of the experiment, the amylase extracted from yam tuber can be made use of in the industries like; the pharmaceutical, plastic and textile industries among others in place of barley commonly made used of. This is even favorable considering the land mass covered by yam and also large usefulness of the yam. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 MATERIALS Yam (Dioscoreaceae esculenta),used was from Oja Oba Market in Iwo Osun State, Ethanol, Soluble starch, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium potassium tertarate, Sephadex G200 was obtained from Pharmacia fine chemicals, Uppsala, Sweden, disodium hydrogen phosphate were products of British Drug House(BDH), poole England. The distilled water was obtained from the Department of Biochemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife. 2.2 EQUIPMENTS Water incubator manufactured by Grant Instruments(Cambridge) Ltd, Weighing balance made in Switzerland, Centrifuge manufactured by microfield instruments England. Spectrophotometer. 2.2 Preparation of buffer and Reagents 2.2.1 preparation of 0.016 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.8 To prepare acetate buffer for, 73.10 g of sodium acetate was dissolved in 900 ml of distilled water, 4.2 ml of acetic acid was added and then made up to 1 Litre in volumetric flask. 2.2.2 Preparation of 2 N sodium hydroxide To 8 g of sodium hydroxide pellets was dissolved in 100ml of distilled water. 2.2.3 Preparation of colour reagent Dinitrosalicyclic acid colour reagent, was prepared by dissolving 1.0 g of 3,5-dinitrosalicyclic acid in 50 ml of distilled water. 30.0 g sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate was added slowly with 20 ml of 2N sodium hydroxide. It was diluted to 100 ml with distilled water. 2.2.4 Preparation of 1% starch Prepared by dissolving 1.0 g of soluble starch in 100 ml of 0.016 M sodium acetate buffer pH 4.8. It was boiled to dissolve and cooled, diluted to 100ml with distilled water. 2.3 Method The rate at which maltose is released from starch is measured by its ability to reduce 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid according to Bernfold(1955) . One unit releases one micromole of ÃŽÂ ²-maltose per minutes at 25ËÅ ¡C and pH 4.8 under the specified conditions. 2.3.1 Mashing and Extraction of Enzymes With the use of mortar and pestle, 434.52 g of yam were ground and 400ml of homogenization buffer (i.e 0.016 M sodium acetate pH) was added and stirred, it was kept in a refrigerator for 1 hour with intermittent stirring at 10 minutes interval. It was then centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes into components. Assay for protein and enzyme activity was then carried out after it has being stored in 70% of ammonium sulphate(212.4 g/L). 2.3.2 Purification Purification of ÃŽÂ ²-amylase: All enzymes purification steps were carried out at room temperature. Enzyme Precipitation: The crude extract was initially fractioned by 70% (v/v) ammonium sulphate. After centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes, the precipitated pellets were collected and re-suspended in of cold buffer. The solution was dissolved in 0.016 M sodium acetate buffer of pH 4.8 and layered on a Sephadex G-200 Colum (1 x 40 cm). Fractions of 5 ml were collected. The fraction was monitored for protein at 280 nM. Elution was in 0.016 M sodium acetate buffer, pH4.8.

Lagrange Theorem

SAP transactions and reports Customer-specific transactions and reports Note Note It is possible that the origin of some objects cannot be identified clearly (either as SAP transactions and reports or customer-specific transactions and reports). In this case, the specified number of all transactions and reports is larger than the total of SAP and customer-specific transactions and reports. The possible deviation is due to the fact that only information for used objects is transferred. Objects in managed systems that exist there but are not used in the analyzed period are not transferred ND therefore have no designated origin.Information about customer objects that are not used is only displayed if you have selected the Get All Customer Objects option when you created the analysis. The following result types are displayed for each of the three named groups: Analyzed Not analyzed because, for example, there is no data for the client you specified when creating the analysis. Not analyze d in other clients The analysis fails with specified client due to missing data. Objects are used In other clients. You can base a new analysis with different clients, on this entry. Used.The objects are used in the analysis period and In the systems specified for the analysis. Not used (only affects customer-specific transactions and reports), If you have selected the Get All Customer Objects option when you created the analysis. Example Example You want to know how many transactions and reports were analyzed. The entry Is under All Transactions and Reports, Analyzed (Number). The transactions and reports of a result type, for example, the transactions and reports analyzed, are shown In a table. The following object properties are displayed: Object name, for example, transaction name such as SEES.Object type, for example, T for transaction or R for report. Object description, for example, Data Browser for transaction SEES. Origin, for example, S for SAP displayed in the All Transac tions and Reports overview Logical component, displayed for result type Analyzed, Not Analyzed or Not Analyzed in other Clients. SIDE, the system ID specified when creating the analysis; displayed for result type Used. System installation number; displayed for result type Not Used (customer objects). Threshold value, displayed for result type Analyzed, Not Analyzed or Not Analyzed in other Clients.Client specified when creating the analysis; displayed for result type Used. Result, for example, the number of dialog steps in a transaction Object description language You can copy objects of result types Used and Not Used to the rule database. Activities To open a table of transactions and reports, for example, a table of all the analyzed transactions and reports, click on the result type, for example on Analyzed. To copy an object to the rule database, click the result type, for example, Used to open the object table, highlight the object, and choose Add to Rule Database. Note NoteWhen copying the object to the rule database, you get a message informing you that a check step has been created or that the object is already in the rule database. To restrict the results to a specific system, open the input help for System and select a system. By default, the results refer to all systems you specified when creating the analysis. Note Note You can restrict the results by combining systems and time periods. You can choose another results overview tab: Graphical Overview Results in Analysis Structure Details of Analysis Error Statistics More Information Analysis Results Analysis Project Analyses Analysis Projects

Advertising and the construction of Violent White Masculinity Essay

The article â€Å"Advertising and the construction of Violent White Masculinity† points to the controversy of violence and media. It emphasizes that the mainstream debate about media and violence does not emphasis or analyze the most important aspect, namely gender. Katz states that the media illustrates a wrong image of individuals committing crime by calling them ‘youth’ crimes or ‘kids’ love. He believes however that the reason why crime is committed 90% by males is due to the masculinity emphasized in our society. He also mentions that there is lack of attention on criminals from majority groups such as Whites but an emphasis by crime conducted by minority groups. The article suggests that research has avoided to explicitly specify the relationship between masculinity and violent behavior by white men has been avoided in research.Katz believes to be able to illustrate some ways to display the hegemonic construction of masculinity that is present i n mainstream magazine ads and how these ads help to normalize violent male behavior. Katz suggests that one way violence is normalized is through the movie industry which shows white males engaging in violent actions without being depicted as villains. Moreover, they are regarded as heroes. The boom of the movie industry collided with the instability that was created economically for the White middle-class population. The heroes of the movie industry served as role models enabling the male white population to gain stability with masculine power through size and strength. According to Katz the physical body was the only way to obtain dominance and control for those who did not have economic resources to achieve manhood. Katz mentions another way our society tries to normalize violence in the white middle class, namely through advertisements. As Katz writes the ads are full of depictions of dangerous looking men. He points out the bidirectional relationship between advertisements and other socially accepted events such as sports and movies. Advertisements are filled with dangerous looking violent sports men or movie stars and on the other hand the movies or sports events display ads containing the same violent men, enhancing the impact these ads have on the white middle class. The other reason why the media exhibits the violent man is due to the decline of gender differences. Differences between males and females became more rigid. Men needed a way to differ from women, this was possible with becoming more identical with violent behavior. This is where violence becomes justified especially  against women as only a means to represent masculinity.Katz examines further the nature of ads regarding violence and masculinity. As he writes there are specific premises that are represented in ads about masculinity and violence. The first one is the notion that violence is genetically programmed male behavior. This notion is justified by ads showing historical events that were lead by powerful and violent and dangerous men. Some ads also show scenarios that involve violence against other ethnic groups or women. The second premise is concerned with the military and sports that are another source of masculinity. Uniformed soldiers and players are used in different kinds of ads. Using athletes or soldiers for these products, advertising creates the idea that using the advertised products will not decrease masculinity. The third point is the identification of muscularity with masculinity. Muscles are equated masculinity and power. Physical fitness becomes a major way for white men to keep their masculinity. Finally there is the notion of heroic actions being equal to violent masculinity. Movies play a very important role in illustrating this equation. One other significant point is that movies no only justify violence but also glorify violence.

Majoring in Project Management - Coursework and Careers